{"product_id":"nmrf-kvco-2400-voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco-signal-generator","title":"NMRF KVCO-2400 Voltage Controlled Oscillator Signal Generator","description":"\u003cdiv class=\"koeed-container\" style=\"width: 100%; color: inherit;\"\u003e\n  \u003cstyle\u003e\n    .koeed-section-title {\n      color: #16c8c8;\n      border-bottom: 2px solid #16c8c8;\n      padding-bottom: 8px;\n      margin-top: 2rem;\n      margin-bottom: 1rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-accent-text {\n      color: #16c8c8;\n      font-weight: bold;\n    }\n    .koeed-table-wrapper {\n      overflow-x: auto;\n      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n    }\n    .koeed-table th, .koeed-table td {\n      border: 1px solid #eeeeee;\n      padding: 12px;\n      text-align: left;\n    }\n    .koeed-table th {\n      background-color: #16c8c8;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      font-weight: bold;\n    }\n    .koeed-table tr:nth-child(odd) {\n      background-color: #f4fcfc;\n    }\n    .koeed-table tr:nth-child(even) {\n      background-color: #fafafa;\n    }\n    .koeed-bullet-list {\n      padding-left: 20px;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n    }\n    .koeed-tool-panel {\n      background-color: #fafafa;\n      border: 1px solid #eeeeee;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n      padding: 24px;\n      margin-top: 2rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-input-group {\n      margin-bottom: 1rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-input-group label {\n      display: block;\n      margin-bottom: 4px;\n      font-weight: bold;\n    }\n    .koeed-input-group input {\n      width: 100%;\n      padding: 10px;\n      border: 1px solid #cccccc;\n      border-radius: 4px;\n      box-sizing: border-box;\n    }\n    .koeed-btn {\n      background-color: #16c8c8;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      border: none;\n      padding: 12px 24px;\n      cursor: pointer;\n      font-weight: bold;\n      border-radius: 4px;\n      width: 100%;\n      transition: background-color 0.3s;\n    }\n    .koeed-btn:hover {\n      background-color: #13a6a6;\n    }\n    .koeed-result-box {\n      margin-top: 1rem;\n      padding: 16px;\n      background-color: #f4fcfc;\n      border-left: 4px solid #16c8c8;\n      display: none;\n    }\n    .koeed-faq-item {\n      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-faq-q {\n      font-weight: bold;\n      color: #16c8c8;\n      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\n    }\n    .koeed-faq-a {\n      margin-top: 0;\n      line-height: 1.6;\n    }\n  \u003c\/style\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eEngineer's Quick Brief\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cul class=\"koeed-bullet-list\"\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eBroad S-Band Coverage:\u003c\/strong\u003e Generates highly stable RF signals spanning from \u003cstrong\u003e2300 MHz to 2650 MHz\u003c\/strong\u003e, perfectly overlapping the critical 2.4 GHz ISM band.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrecision Voltage Control:\u003c\/strong\u003e Features a 0 to 4.5 VDC tuning range, making it highly compatible with standard 5V logic DACs (Digital-to-Analog Converters) and microcontrollers for dynamic frequency sweeping.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eExceptional Spectral Purity:\u003c\/strong\u003e Delivers a low phase noise of \u003cstrong\u003e≦ -100 dBc\/Hz @ 100 KHz offset\u003c\/strong\u003e, critical for mitigating signal interference in complex communication setups.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePrimary Application Scenario:\u003c\/strong\u003e Widely deployed in university laboratories, software-defined radio (SDR) platforms, phase-locked loops (PLLs), and prototyping FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar systems.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eIntroduction to NMRF KVCO-2400\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eNMRF KVCO-2400\u003c\/strong\u003e is a high-performance, shielded Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) engineered for the 2.4GHz microwave band. Operating as a swept-frequency signal source, it relies on a high-quality internal varactor diode network to shift its output frequency continuously across a 350 MHz bandwidth based on a low-voltage DC input.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003cp\u003eUnlike bare-board oscillators susceptible to environmental interference, the KVCO-2400 is enclosed within a customized CNC-machined aluminum shell. This premium housing not only ensures superior electromagnetic shielding (EMI) but also provides excellent thermal dissipation, minimizing temperature-induced frequency drift during extended lab testing and continuous wave (CW) transmission.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eTechnical Specifications\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-table-wrapper\"\u003e\n    \u003ctable class=\"koeed-table\"\u003e\n      \u003ctbody\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003cth\u003eParameter\u003c\/th\u003e\n          \u003cth\u003eSpecification Value\u003c\/th\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrand \/ Model\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003eNMRF \/ KVCO-2400\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Signal Frequency\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e2300 ~ 2650 MHz (2.3 GHz to 2.65 GHz)\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTuning Voltage Range (Vctrl)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e0 ~ 4.5 V DC\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Signal Power\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e4.5 ~ 6.0 dBm (Standard), ≥ 7.0 dBm (Peak)\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOutput Impedance\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e50 Ohms\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhase Noise (C\/N)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e≦ -100 dBc\/Hz @ 100 KHz offset\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTuning Sensitivity\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e100 ~ 160 MHz\/V (Varies across the tuning curve)\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigher Harmonics (2x, 3x, 4x)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u0026gt; 20 dBc\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePower Supply Voltage (Vcc)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e+5.0 V DC\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorking Current\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e18 ~ 23 mA (Typical), ≤ 30 mA (Max)\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRF Output Interface\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003eSMA-F (SMA Female \/ External Thread, Internal Hole)\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEnclosure Material\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003eCNC Customized Aluminum Shell\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n        \u003ctr\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical Dimensions (L x W x H)\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e\n          \u003ctd\u003e[DATA_MISSING_TBD]\u003c\/td\u003e\n        \u003c\/tr\u003e\n      \u003c\/tbody\u003e\n    \u003c\/table\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n  \u003ch2 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eIndustrial Application Matrix\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cul class=\"koeed-bullet-list\"\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eFMCW Radar Prototyping:\u003c\/strong\u003e By applying a sawtooth or triangular waveform to the tuning pin, the KVCO-2400 acts as a reliable chirp generator for short-range target detection algorithms.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eTest \u0026amp; Measurement Systems:\u003c\/strong\u003e Serves as a localized reference sweep source for evaluating the frequency response of 2.4GHz bandpass filters, low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), and antennas.\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eWireless Communications (WLAN\/Bluetooth):\u003c\/strong\u003e Integrates smoothly into Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) synthesizer boards to lock onto specific Wi-Fi channels for interference testing and protocol analysis.\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n  \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-tool-panel\"\u003e\n    \u003ch3\u003eVCO Tuning \u0026amp; Frequency Estimator (Linear Approximation)\u003c\/h3\u003e\n    \u003cp\u003eUse this lab tool to quickly estimate the required tuning voltage for a specific target frequency, or predict the output frequency based on an applied DAC voltage. \u003cbr\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFAE Note:\u003c\/strong\u003e VCO varactor diodes exhibit non-linear tuning sensitivity (df\/dv). This calculator uses an averaged linear interpolation based on the 2300-2650 MHz bounds. Real-world output may vary slightly and should be verified with a spectrum analyzer.\u003c\/em\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \n    \u003cdiv style=\"display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 20px; margin-top: 20px;\"\u003e\n      \n      \u003cdiv style=\"flex: 1; min-width: 250px; background: #ffffff; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; border-radius: 6px;\"\u003e\n        \u003ch4 style=\"margin-top: 0;\"\u003eCalculate Tuning Voltage (V)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-input-group\"\u003e\n          \u003clabel for=\"koeed-target-freq\"\u003eTarget Frequency (MHz)\u003c\/label\u003e\n          \u003cinput type=\"number\" id=\"koeed-target-freq\" placeholder=\"e.g. 2450\" min=\"2300\" max=\"2650\"\u003e\n          \u003csmall\u003eValid range: 2300 to 2650 MHz\u003c\/small\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003cbutton class=\"koeed-btn\" onclick=\"koeedCalcVoltage()\"\u003eEstimate Voltage\u003c\/button\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-result-box\" id=\"koeed-voltage-result\"\u003e\n          Estimated Vctrl: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong class=\"koeed-accent-text\" id=\"koeed-voltage-output\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n      \u003cdiv style=\"flex: 1; min-width: 250px; background: #ffffff; padding: 15px; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; border-radius: 6px;\"\u003e\n        \u003ch4 style=\"margin-top: 0;\"\u003eCalculate Output Frequency (MHz)\u003c\/h4\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-input-group\"\u003e\n          \u003clabel for=\"koeed-target-volt\"\u003eApplied Voltage (V)\u003c\/label\u003e\n          \u003cinput type=\"number\" id=\"koeed-target-volt\" placeholder=\"e.g. 2.5\" min=\"0\" max=\"4.5\" step=\"0.01\"\u003e\n          \u003csmall\u003eValid range: 0.00 to 4.50 V\u003c\/small\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n        \u003cbutton class=\"koeed-btn\" style=\"background-color: #555;\" onclick=\"koeedCalcFreq()\"\u003eEstimate Frequency\u003c\/button\u003e\n        \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-result-box\" id=\"koeed-freq-result\" style=\"border-left-color: #555;\"\u003e\n          Estimated Fout: \u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong style=\"color: #555;\" id=\"koeed-freq-output\"\u003e\u003c\/strong\u003e\n        \u003c\/div\u003e\n      \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n    \u003cnoscript\u003e\n      \u003cp style=\"color: red;\"\u003eJavaScript is required to operate the VCO interactive estimator. Please enable JavaScript in your browser.\u003c\/p\u003e\n    \u003c\/noscript\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n  \u003cscript\u003e\n    \/\/ Constants for NMRF KVCO-2400\n    const koeedFMin = 2300; \/\/ MHz\n    const koeedFMax = 2650; \/\/ MHz\n    const koeedVMin = 0.0;  \/\/ V\n    const koeedVMax = 4.5;  \/\/ V\n    const koeedAvgSensitivity = (koeedFMax - koeedFMin) \/ (koeedVMax - koeedVMin); \/\/ MHz\/V\n\n    function koeedCalcVoltage() {\n      const freq = parseFloat(document.getElementById('koeed-target-freq').value);\n      if (isNaN(freq) || freq \u003c koeedFMin || freq \u003e koeedFMax) {\n        alert(\"Please enter a frequency within the valid operating range of 2300 MHz to 2650 MHz.\");\n        return;\n      }\n      \/\/ V = (F - Fmin) \/ Sensitivity\n      const estVoltage = (freq - koeedFMin) \/ koeedAvgSensitivity;\n      document.getElementById('koeed-voltage-output').innerHTML = estVoltage.toFixed(3) + \" V\";\n      document.getElementById('koeed-voltage-result').style.display = 'block';\n    }\n\n    function koeedCalcFreq() {\n      const volt = parseFloat(document.getElementById('koeed-target-volt').value);\n      if (isNaN(volt) || volt \u003c koeedVMin || volt \u003e koeedVMax) {\n        alert(\"Please enter a control voltage within the valid range of 0.0V to 4.5V.\");\n        return;\n      }\n      \/\/ F = Fmin + (V * Sensitivity)\n      const estFreq = koeedFMin + (volt * koeedAvgSensitivity);\n      document.getElementById('koeed-freq-output').innerHTML = estFreq.toFixed(1) + \" MHz\";\n      document.getElementById('koeed-freq-result').style.display = 'block';\n    }\n  \u003c\/script\u003e\n  \u003ch2 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eTroubleshooting \u0026amp; FAQ\u003c\/h2\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-item\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-q\"\u003eWhy is the output frequency drifting despite a stable DC tuning voltage?\u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003cp class=\"koeed-faq-a\"\u003eFrequency drift in open-loop VCOs is typically caused by thermal changes. As the internal components heat up, their capacitance parameters shift slightly. To mitigate this, ensure your +5V supply is highly regulated with low ripple, and consider integrating the KVCO-2400 into a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) system utilizing a stable quartz crystal reference oscillator to lock the frequency.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-item\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-q\"\u003eCan I drive the Tuning Voltage (Vctrl) pin directly with a PWM signal from my Arduino?\u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003cp class=\"koeed-faq-a\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c\/strong\u003e Feeding a raw PWM square wave into the tuning pin will cause the VCO to rapidly oscillate between two frequencies (Frequency Shift Keying). If you are using a microcontroller's PWM output, you must pass the signal through a properly designed \u003cstrong\u003eLow-Pass Filter (LPF)\u003c\/strong\u003e to smooth it into a pure, stable DC voltage before it enters the VCO.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n  \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-item\"\u003e\n    \u003cdiv class=\"koeed-faq-q\"\u003eThe output signal power is reading lower than 4.5 dBm on my analyzer. What is wrong?\u003c\/div\u003e\n    \u003cp class=\"koeed-faq-a\"\u003eFirst, verify your coaxial cable and SMA connector losses, as high-frequency 2.4GHz signals attenuate rapidly in sub-standard cables. Secondly, ensure your spectrum analyzer input is perfectly matched to 50 Ohms. Finally, check that your power supply is delivering a full +5.0V under load, as voltage sags will directly reduce RF output power.\u003c\/p\u003e\n  \u003c\/div\u003e\n\n  \u003ch3 class=\"koeed-section-title\"\u003eCross-Reference Guide\u003c\/h3\u003e\n  \u003cul class=\"koeed-bullet-list\"\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eHigher Frequency Requirement:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eKVCO-5800\u003c\/em\u003e (Operates in the 5.8 GHz band: 5650 ~ 5950 MHz).\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eLower Frequency Requirement:\u003c\/strong\u003e \u003cem\u003eKVCO-1200\u003c\/em\u003e (Operates in the 1.2 GHz band: 1100 ~ 1400 MHz).\u003c\/li\u003e\n    \u003cli\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eAlternative Packaging:\u003c\/strong\u003e Unshielded SMD (Surface Mount Device) VCO ICs like the \u003cem\u003eMaxim MAX2750\u003c\/em\u003e (For deep PCB integration, though lacking the plug-and-play SMA convenience and aluminum shielding of the KVCO series).\u003c\/li\u003e\n  \u003c\/ul\u003e\n\n  \u003cscript type=\"application\/ld+json\"\u003e\n  {\n    \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n    \"@graph\": [\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n        \"mainEntity\": [\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Why is the output frequency drifting despite a stable DC tuning voltage?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"Frequency drift in open-loop VCOs is typically caused by thermal changes. To mitigate this, ensure your +5V supply is highly regulated, and consider integrating the KVCO-2400 into a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) system utilizing a stable quartz crystal reference oscillator.\"\n            }\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"Can I drive the Tuning Voltage (Vctrl) pin directly with a PWM signal from my Arduino?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"No. Feeding a raw PWM square wave will cause the VCO to rapidly oscillate between two frequencies. You must pass the microcontroller PWM signal through a properly designed Low-Pass Filter (LPF) to smooth it into a pure DC voltage first.\"\n            }\n          },\n          {\n            \"@type\": \"Question\",\n            \"name\": \"The output signal power is reading lower than 4.5 dBm on my analyzer. What is wrong?\",\n            \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n              \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n              \"text\": \"Verify your coaxial cable and SMA connector losses, ensure your spectrum analyzer input is perfectly matched to 50 Ohms, and check that your power supply is delivering a full +5.0V under load.\"\n            }\n          }\n        ]\n      },\n      {\n        \"@type\": \"WebApplication\",\n        \"name\": \"Koeed VCO Tuning \u0026 Frequency Estimator\",\n        \"description\": \"An RF engineering calculator to estimate target tuning voltages and output frequencies for 2.4GHz Voltage Controlled Oscillators, utilizing linear approximation.\",\n        \"applicationCategory\": \"Engineering Tool\",\n        \"operatingSystem\": \"All\",\n        \"browserRequirements\": \"Requires JavaScript\"\n      }\n    ]\n  }\n  \u003c\/script\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"NMRF","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44239359869113,"sku":"166407888077","price":121.97,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0268\/8476\/7929\/files\/NMRF_KVCO_2400_Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator_Signal_Generator___NMRF__1.webp?v=1775522385","url":"https:\/\/koeed.com\/products\/nmrf-kvco-2400-voltage-controlled-oscillator-vco-signal-generator","provider":"KOEED","version":"1.0","type":"link"}